Starry

Starry, designed by Yutaka Hara in 2008 for his book, Rubyで作る奇妙なプログラミング言語, is a stack-based esoteric programming language. The book discusses the implementation of esolangs in Ruby; Starry is used as an example language.

Syntax

The only meaningful characters are space and +*.,`' -- all other characters are ignored. Each sequence of spaces followed by non-space character represents a single instruction.

Instructions

Spaces	Final	Description
0	+	Invalid opcode.
1	+	Duplicate top of stack.
2	+	Swap top 2 stack elements.
3	+	Rotate top 3 stack elements.
4	+	Pop top of stack.
n ≥ 5	+	Push n − 5 to stack.
0 mod 5	*	Pop y, pop x, push x + y.
1 mod 5	*	Pop y, pop x, push x − y.
2 mod 5	*	Pop y, pop x, push x * y.
3 mod 5	*	Pop y, pop x, push x / y.
4 mod 5	*	Pop y, pop x, push x mod y.
0 mod 2	.	Pop a value and print it as a number.
1 mod 2	.	Pop a value and print it as an ASCII character.
0 mod 2	,	Read a number from input.
1 mod 2	,	Read an ASCII value from input.
n	`	Mark label n.
n	'	Pop a value; if non-zero, jump to label n.

Computational class

Stack values are unbounded; using the swap, add, subtract, label, and "branch if non-zero" instructions, conversion from a 2-register Minsky machine is trivial. Therefore, Starry is Turing complete.

Examples

Hello, world!

            +               +  *       +    
 * + .        +              +  *       +   
  *     * + .            +     * + . + .    
    +     * + .              +            + 
 *         +     * * + .                 + *
 + .              + +  *           +     *  
   * + .             + * + .        +     * 
+ .           + * + .             + * + .   
           +            +  *         +     *
 * + .

Fibonacci numbers

     +      + ` +   +     * +
  .               + . + '

Disassembled:

[[:push, 0],
 [:push, 1],
 [:label, 1],
 [:dup],
 [:rotate],
 [:+],
 [:dup],
 [:num_out],
 [:push, 10],
 [:char_out],
 [:dup],
 [:jump, 1]]

99 bottles of beer

               +              +  *` +.             +         +  * .               +               +  * 
     + * + .                  +* + .          +* + . + .             + * + .            + * + .        
          +* + .             +         +  * .      
  + * + .              + * + .             +       
 +  * .         + * + .        +* + . + .                  +* + .             +         +  * .        + * + .  
   + * + .             +         +  * .           +* + .                 + * + .        + * + .       
     +         +  * .                       +* + .                           + * + .                +* + . .               + . +.             +        +   * .               +     
         +  *       + * + .                  +* + .          +* + . + .             + * + .           
+ * + .                   +* + .         +         
   +  * .         + * + .        
     + * + .             +         +  * .         + * + .        +* + . + .                  +* + .   
           + .       +* + .                        + * + .               +* + .           + * + .      
      +         +  * .               +* + .      + * + .              + * + .             +         +  * .      + * + .                +* + .             +* + .              + * + .               + .       +* + .                    + * + .                   
   +* + . + .             +         +  * .         
     + * + .                +* + .             +   
     +  * .                        + * + .         
            +* + .        + * + .           +* + . 
          + * + .               + * .            
  + .      + * +.             +         +  * .               +               +  *       + * + .                  +* + .          +* + . + .             + * + .      
     + * + .                   +* + .             +         +  * .         + * + .              + * + .             +         +  * .         + * + .      
 +* + . + .                  +* + .             +  
      +  * .        + * + .      + * + .           
 +         +  * .           +* + .                 + * + .        + * + .             +         +  * . 
                     +* + .                       
   + * + .                +* + . .               + + . . +'

See also

• Grass
• KEMURI
• Whitespace

External resources

• Ruby implementation from the book on GitHub