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'<!---- I think I should give up --> {{WIP}} <b><i>please take any inconsistencies with an ocean's worth of salt.</i></b> {{ infobox proglang | name = Dango | author = [[User:RaiseAfloppaFan3925]] | year = [[:Category:2025|2025]] | memsys = [[:Category:Stack-based|Stack-based]] | class = [[Linear bounded automaton|likely Linear-bounded automaton]] | refimpl = [https://github.com/raiseAfloppaFan3925/dango <code>dango</code>] | files = <code>.dango</code>, <code>.🍡</code> }} Dango is an esolang by [[User:RaiseAfloppaFan3925]] that revolves around [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dango dango], a Japanese rice-based dumpling. == Code == Code in Dango are stored in dango (who could have guessed), where each instruction is wrapped in parentheses <code>()</code> (which will be referred to as "dumplings" for the rest of this article, for a lack of a better word) with the line ending with a stick <code>----</code>. == Operations == === "Dumpling" operations === <!-- lack of a better word --> {| class = "wikitable plainpres" width = "80%" ! Operation ! Example ! Action |- | <code>()</code> | <code>()----</code> | Null value. |- | <code>(')</code> | <code>(')(Hello, world!)----</code> | Stringify the last pushed value. |- | <code>('c)</code> | <code>('c)(10)----</code> | Create a Unicode character from the stack top as a code point. |- | <code>(j)</code> | <code>(j)(4)----</code> | Jumps to the line number of the stack top. |- | <code>(`)</code> | <code>(`)(')(1234)----</code> | Converts a value to an integer, returns <code>()</code> if the conversion failed. |- | <code>(;)</code> | <code>(;)(')(0.401)----</code> | Converts a value to a float, returns <code>()</code> if the conversion failed. |- | <code>(len)</code> | <code>(...)(while)(>)(2)(len)----</code> | If the stack top is a dango (the data structure), then the amount of dumplings on it is pushed to the stack. Otherwise, <code>0</code> is pushed. The value at the top is preserved, unlike with other instructions. |} === Function calls === In Dango, a function call is just the function name preceded by a colon (<code>:</code>) inside a dumpling, with the arguments being stored on the stack. Example: <pre> (:io-write)(')(stdout)(')(Hello, world!)---- </pre> Stack (before function call): <pre> top "stdout" "Hello, world!" bottom </pre> Since the dumplings are pushed to the stack and functions take off of the stack, the arguments to the function can be in separate dango as seen above. === Dango operations === These operations operate on the dango memory in the program. {| class = "wikitable plainpres" width = "80%" ! Operation ! Example ! Action |- | <code>eat</code> | <code>eat (')(Hello, world!)----</code>, <code>eat</code> | Pops the top of the stack and prints it. |- | <code>fetch</code> | <code>fetch 2</code> | Copies the value <code>N</code> slots down from the top of the stack and moves the copy to the top. |- | <code>remove</code> | <code>remove</code> | If the top of the stack is a dango, then it removes the value at the end and pushes it to the stack. Example: <pre> skewer 2 (1)(2)---- eat remove eat remove </pre> Stack (line 1): <pre> top (1)(2)---- (Dango) bottom </pre> Stack (line 2, before <code>eat</code>): <pre> top 1 (Int) (2)---- (Dango) bottom </pre> Stack (line 3, before <code>eat</code>): <pre> top 2 (Int) bottom </pre> |- | <code>skewer &lt;N&gt;</code> | <code>skewer 2 (1)(2)----</code> | Pops the top <code>N</code> values off of the stack and stores them in a dango that is pushed onto the stack, with the stack top being stored to the left and the value at <code>top_pos - N</code> being stored to the right. Example: <pre> eat skewer 3 (1)(2)(3)---- </pre> Output: <pre> (1)(2)(3)---- </pre> If the amount of values requested to be skewered is greater than 5, then an error occurs. Example: <pre> eat skewer 6 (1)(2)(3)---- skewer 2 (4)(4)---- (5)(6)---- </pre> Output: <pre> error: skewer is too short for 6 dumplings </pre> If the amount of values requested to be skewered is zero, then an error occurs. Example: <pre> skewer 0 </pre> Output: <pre> error: cannot have dango with zero dumplings, that's just a stick </pre> |} == Values == * Null/Nil - <code>()</code> * Integers - signed 64-bit integers with overflow and underflow * Floats - 64-bit (double-precision) IEEE floats * Strings - strings (created by the <code>(')</code> dumpling) * Raw text - strings, but with parentheses === Dango === The dango (not to be confused with the language and the code unit in the language) is a stack-like data structure. It is limited to a maximum of 5 values, but it can contain more dango. Dangos are constructed with the <code>skewer</code> keyword which constructs a dango out of the top N values. REPL Example: <pre> --(O)(O)(O) > eat skewer 3 (1)(2)(3)---- (1)(2)(3)---- () </pre> Here is what happens if a dango contains a dango. <pre> skewer 2 (4)(5)---- (1)(2)(3)---- skewer 4 eat </pre> Output: <pre> (1)(2)(3)[(4)(5)]---- </pre> Here is what happens if a dango is constructed with a length greater than 5. <pre> --(O)(O)(O) > eat skewer 6 (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)---- Error: skewer is too short for 6 dumplings --(O)(O)(O) > </pre> == Standard Library == For some reason, Dango has a standard library. === I/O === * <code>:io-input</code> - can do either <code>(:io-input)(0)</code> which just takes in input, or <code>(:io-input)(1)----</code> where an extra prompt argument is needed * <code>:env-args</code> - returns the argument vector passed to Dango === Time === * <code>:chrono-now</code> - returns the number of seconds (with milliseconds) since the Unix epoch * <code>:chrono-sleep</code> - sleeps for the given amount of seconds (int and float supported) === Math === * <code>:math-cos</code> - returns the cosine of a number * <code>:math-e</code> - returns the value of Euler's number <math>e</math> (approx. 2.71828...) * <code>:math-pi</code> - returns the value of <math>\pi</math> (approx. 3.14159265358979...) * <code>:math-sin</code> - returns the sine of a number * <code>:math-sqrt</code> - returns the square root of a number * <code>:math-sqrt2</code> - returns the value of <math>\sqrt{2}</math> (approx. 1.41421...) * <code>:math-tan</code> - returns the tangent of a number == Embedding == Dango can be embedded by adding it as a dependency after downloading from source. <pre> use dango::dango_utils::{ self, dango_errors, dango::runtime::{ self, Value, Program } }; unsafe fn exec_code(&mut self) { do_stuff(); let mut program = dango_utils::compile_str(&amp;user_input_idk); match program { Ok(program) => { self.spawn_dango_thread(program); println!("{}", "what do I do"); } Err(errors) => unsafe { self.handle_err(errors) }, } do_more_stuff(); } </pre> == Example Programs == === Hello world === <pre> eat (')(Hello, world!)---- </pre> === Truth Machine === <pre> (j)(3)---- eat (0)(while)(=)(0)(:io-input)(0)---- (j)(2)---- eat (1)---- </pre> === Cat program === <pre> eat (:io-input)(0)---- </pre> === Truth machine === <pre> remove (I forgot to fix this program)---- (j)(5)(while)(=)(')(0)(:io-input)(0)---- eat (1)---- (j)(3)---- eat (0)---- </pre> === Fibonacci number (iterative) === <pre> (`)(1)---- remove (Our fibonacci number)---- fetch 0 fetch 0 remove (Fib[n], iterative fibonacci by the way)---- (j)(9)(while)(!=)(0)---- fetch 0 remove (if n == 0 -> 0)---- (j)(46)(0)---- (j)(9)(while)(!=)(1)---- fetch 0 remove (if n == 1 -> 1)---- (j)(46)(1)---- fetch 0 remove (let n = n)---- (0)---- remove (let x = 0)---- (1)---- remove (let y = 1)---- (1)---- remove (let i = 0)---- remove (while i < y)---- remove (top i y x n bottom )---- fetch 2 remove (x)---- remove (top x i y x n bottom )---- fetch 2 remove (y)---- remove (top y x i y x n bottom )---- (+)---- remove (let z = x + y)---- remove (top z i y x n bottom )---- fetch 4 remove (n = n)---- remove (top n z i y x n bottom )---- fetch 3 remove (x = y)---- remove (top x n z i y x n bottom )---- fetch 2 remove (y = z)---- remove (top y x n z i y x n bottom )---- fetch 4 (+)(1)---- remove (i = i + 1)---- remove (top i y x n z i y x n bottom )---- fetch 0 remove (get i)---- remove (top i i y x n z i y x n bottom )---- fetch 4 remove (get n)---- remove (top n i i y x n z i y x n bottom )---- (j)(13)(while)(<)---- remove (end while)---- remove (end)---- eat (')(F()---- eat eat ('c)(41)---- eat (')( = )---- eat eat ('c)(10)---- </pre> === [[User:RaiseAfloppaFan3925/Program forms#User-friendly_iterative_Fibonacci_program|User-friendly iterative Fibonacci (golfed)]] === <pre> (j)(11)(while)(=)(')(exit)---- fetch 0 fetch 0 (:io-input)(1)---- eat (')(Input a number: )---- (j)(1)---- eat eat eat eat (')('exit' to exit)('c)(10)(')('help' to see this)('c)(10)---- (while)(=)(')(help)---- (j)(1)---- eat eat (')(Invalid number. Try again.)('c)(10)---- (while)(=)()---- fetch 0 (`) (j)(1)---- eat eat (')(Cannot get a negative Fibonacci number. Try again.)('c)(10)(while)(<)(0)---- fetch 0 (j)(1)---- eat eat (')(Resulting value would be too large. Try again.)('c)(10)(while)(>)(92)---- fetch 0 (j)(10)(0)(while)(=)(0)---- fetch 0 (j)(10)(1)(while)(=)(1)---- fetch 0 (1)(1)(0)---- fetch 0 (j)(9)(while)(<)---- fetch 4 fetch 0 (+)(1)---- fetch 4 fetch 2 fetch 3 fetch 4 (+)---- fetch 2 fetch 2 (j)(1)---- eat ('c)(10)---- eat eat eat ('c)(41)(')( = )---- eat eat (')(F()---- </pre> === User-friendly sleep program === <pre> fetch 0 fetch 0 (:io-input)(1)(+)(')( )(+)('c)(58)(+)('c)(41)(')(Sleep for (seconds)---- (j)(12)(while)(=)(')(exit)---- (j)(1)---- eat eat eat eat eat eat (')('exit' to exit)('c)(10)(')('help' to show this)('c)(10)(')(this program takes in a number as input and sleeps for that amount of time)('c)(10)---- (while)(=)(')(help)---- (j)(1)---- remove remove eat eat (')(Invalid duration. Try again.)('c)(10)---- (while)(+)(<)(0)---- fetch 1 (=)()---- fetch 0 fetch 0 (;)---- (-)(:chrono-now)---- remove (:chrono-sleep)---- fetch 1 (:chrono-now)---- (-)---- fetch 1 (0)---- fetch 0 (-)---- fetch 3 eat (')( seconds (error of )---- eat fetch 0 eat (')(Slept for )---- eat eat ('c)(41)('c)(10)---- eat remove remove remove remove (j)(1)---- </pre> [[Category:2025]] [[Category:Implemented]] [[Category:Thematic]] <!-- I guess... -->'