Electra
What is Electra?
Electra is an esolang where you code like an electrician. Electra is inspired by AsciiDots. It uses instruction pointers that act like currents in electricity. You can find its implementation here.
How Electra works?
Electra has Currents, Generators and Components. Electra uses a list of 64 stacks of doubles for its memory management.
Comments and Including Other Files
In Electra, you can comment out your code using question marks.
? This is a comment ? >-+
& ? This is also a comment. It lasts a whole line
*P
To include other files in your code, use quotation marks.
? Copies the contents of file.ec and pastes it all into the current file ? "file.ec" ? Electra will prevent you from reincluding a file. This will do nothing ? "file.ec" ? Putting '!' before filename forces Electra to reinclude given file ? "!file.ec" ? You can also specify a range when including a file ? ? (x < y) ? "mylib.ec" x:y ? Includes the lines between the line x and the line y (x-inclusive, y-exclusive) ? "otherlib.ec" x: ? Includes the lines after the line x (x-inclusive) ? "anotherlib.ec" :y ? Includes the lines befor the line y (y-exclusive) ? ? Electra prevents you to reincluding a portion that has already been included before ? "foo.ec" 10:15 "foo.ec" 5:12 ? This will do nothing ? "!foo.ec" 5:12 ? You can always do a force include ?
But be careful, files ending with .dll, .so or .dylib will be treated as dynamic components
This behavior depends on your platform, for example, on Windows only the .dll files will be treated as dynamic components, on Linux, it is .so files
and on Mac it is the .dylib files.
Dynamic components allow you to extend Electra using C++. For more info, click here.
Currents
Currents are instruction pointers in Electra. They all have a direction, a position, a stack that holds visited portals and a stack pointer. A direction can take one of these eight values: East, Northeast, North, Northwest, West, Southwest, South, Southeast. On each iteration of Electra’s main loop, each current moves one step forward. When a current touches a component, if the component supports a current coming from that direction, component does its work and uses that current’s stack pointer when doing stack manipulations. And after it has done its work, it either kills or clones that current. A current can either be generated by a generator, or be cloned by other components.
Generators
Generators generate currents at the beginning of an Electra program and become useless immediately. They generate current based on the direction that they are facing. To make looping easier, generators also let currents flowing on them. They support the direction in which they generate current and its opposite. (e.g. an east generator supports both east and west directions)
Generator Types
East Generator (>, →): Generates a current with east direction.
West Generator (<, ←): Generates a current with west direction.
North Generator (^, ↑): Generates a current with north direction.
South Generator (v, ↓): Generates a current with south direction.
Northeast Generator (↗): Generates a current with northeast direction.
Northwest Generator (↖): Generates a current with northwest direction.
Southwest Generator (↙): Generates a current with southwest direction.
Southeast Generator (↘): Generates a current with southeast direction.
Horizontal Bidirectional Generator (↔): Generates two currents with east and west directions.
Vertical Bidirectional Generator (↕): Generates two currents with north and south directions.
Components
Components are the elements that give Electra its functionality. Each component has its own job and can clone or kill existing currents.
If a current flows into a component from an unsupported direction, that current gets killed. But components can also kill a current after they’ve done their work. If a current lives and the component supports directions that are different from the current’s direction or its opposite, it gets cloned. This will be explained better in the following section.
Cables
Cables are used to transmit currents in Electra. Some cables also clone currents.
For example:
>-----+-
|
The regular four directional cable (+) has a current flowing from west and heading to east. It will create 2 more copies of that current with directions north and south. The current with direction north will die in the next iteration.
Cable Types
Horizontal Cable (-): Supports east and west directions. Simple cable for flowing current horizontally.
Vertical Cable (|): Supports north and south directions. Simple cable for flowing current vertically.
Right Diagonal Cable (/, ╱): Supports northeast and southwest directions. Simple cable for flowing current diagonally.
Left Diagonal Cable (\, ╲): Supports northwest and southeast directions. Simple cable for flowing current diagonally.
Regular Four Directional Cable (+, ┼): Supports east, west, north and south directions. Can be used to change direction of a current or clone it.
Diagonal Four Directional Cable (X, ╳): Supports northeast, northwest, southeast and southwest directions. Can be used to change direction of a current or clone it.
Eight Directional Cable (*, ✱): Supports all directions. Can be used to change direction of a current or clone it.
East One Directional Cable (}): Only lets a current flowing to east direction to pass.
West One Directional Cable ({): Only lets a current flowing to west direction to pass.
North One Directional Cable (n): Only lets a current flowing to north direction to pass.
South One Directional Cable (U): Only lets a current flowing to south direction to pass.
Other Cables (╰, └, ╯, ┘, ╭, ┌, ┐, ╮, ├ ,┤ ,┬ ,┴): These cables are not special they just have no name. They flow current based on how they look like.
Printers
Printers print the value on top of the stack. They can print a variable either as a number or as a character.
Printer Types
Number Printer (N): Supports east, northeast, northwest, west, southwest and southeast directions. Pops the top value off the stack and prints it as a number. If the stack is empty it does nothing.
Character Printer (P): Supports east, northeast, north, northwest, west, and southwest directions. Pops the top value off the stack, converts that number to a UTF-8 code point and prints it. If the stack is empty it does nothing.
Arithmetical Units
Arithmetical units let Electra do arithmetical calculations. If there are less than two values on the stack, they do nothing.
Arithmetical Unit Types
Adder (A): Supports north, southwest and southeast directions. Pops two values off the stack and pushes
first+secondback.
Subtracter (S): Supports northeast, north, southwest and south directions. Pops two values off the stack and pushes
first-secondback.
Multiplier (M): Supports east, northeast, northwest, west, southwest, south and southeast directions. Pops two values off the stack and pushes
first*secondback.
Divider (Q): Supports east, north, west, south and southeast directions. Pops two values off the stack and pushes
first/secondback.
Modder (%): Supports northeast and southwest directions. Pops two values off the stack and pushes
first%secondback where%is the fmod operation.
Constant Adders (I, D)
Constant adders add a constant value to the value that is on top of the stack.
Constant Adder Types
Increaser (I): Supports north and south directions. Pops the top value off the stack and adds one to it. Then pushes the result back. It does nothing if the stack is empty.
Decreaser (D): Supports east, north, northwest, west, southwest and south directions. Pops the top value off the stack and subtracts one from it. Then pushes the result back. It does nothing if the stack is empty.
Cloner (#)
Cloner, clones the value on top of the stack. It supports east, north, west and south directions. It does nothing if the stack is empty.
Constant Pusher (O)
Constant pusher, pushes a constant value to the stack. There is currently only one constant pusher and it pushes 0 to the stack. Supports all eight directions.
Readers
Readers, read user’s input.
Reader Types
Number Reader (@): Supports east, northeast, north, northwest, west, southwest and south directions. Takes a number from user and pushes it onto the stack.
Character Reader (&): Supports north, south, east, southeast and southwest directions. Takes a single UTF-8 codepoint from user as input, then converts it to its corresponding numerical value and pushes it onto the stack.
Swapper ($)
Swapper, swaps the top two values on the stack. It supports north, south, northeast and southwest directions. There must be at least two values on the stack for swapper to work.
Conditional Units
Conditional units, kill the current or let it flow based on the value on top of the stack. They do nothing if the stack is empty.
Conditional Unit Types
Equals Conditional Unit (]): Supports north and south directions. Pops the top value off the stack. Lets the current flow if the top value is equals to zero.
Not Equals Conditional Unit ([): Supports north and south directions. Pops the top value off the stack. Lets the current flow if the top value is not equals to zero.
Greater Than Conditional Unit (G): Supports east, north, northwest, west, southwest, south and southeast directions. Pops the top value off the stack. Lets the current flow if the top value is greater than zero.
Not Greater Than Conditional Unit (g): Supports northeast, north, northwest, southwest, south and southeast directions. Pops the top value off the stack. Lets the current flow if the top value is not greater than zero.
Less Than Conditional Unit (L): Supports northwest, west, southwest, south and southeast directions. Pops the top value off the stack. Lets the current flow if the top value is less than zero.
Not Less Than Conditional Unit (l): Supports north and south directions. Pops the top value off the stack. Lets the current flow if the top value is not less than zero.
Stack Checkers
Stack checkers, check whether the current stack is empty or not.
Regular Stack Checker( ( ): Supports north and south directions. Lets the current flow if the stack is empty.
Inverted Stack Checker( ) ): Supports north and south directions. Lets the current flow if the stack is not empty.
Stack Switchers
Stack switchers move the current’s stack pointer forwards or backwards. Some of them pop the top value and moves it to the next stack. Stack switchers do wrap around if a stack pointer ends up exceeding the limis.
Forward Stack Switcher (F): Supports east, northeast, north, northwest, west and southwest directions. Moves current’s stack pointer forward. Does not move top value to the next stack.
Forward Moving Stack Switcher (f): Supports east, northeast, north, west and south directions. Moves current’s stack pointer forward. Does move top value to the next stack if stack is not empty.
Backward Stack Switcher (B): Supports northeast, north, northwest, west, southwest, south and southeast directions. Moves current’s stack pointer backward. Does not move top value to the next stack.
Backward Moving Stack Switcher (b): Supports east, northwest, west, southwest, south and southeast directions. Moves current’s stack pointer backward. Does move top value to the next stack if stack is not empty.
Keys
Keys transform to other components when they are activated. They keep the current still until they are activated. To activate a key, a current must touch the key from its activator directions.
Key Types
Horizontal Key (~): Supports east and west directions. Becomes a horizontal cable when activated. Gets activated when a current touches it from north or south directions.
Vertical Key (!): Supports north and south directions. Becomes a vertical cable when activated. Gets activated when a current touches it from east and west directions.
Reverser (R)
Supports north, east, northeast northwest, southwest and southeast directions. Reverser, reverses the entire stack.
Eraser (E)
Supports all eight directions. Eraser, pops the top value off from the stack.
Bomb (o)
Supports all eight directions. Finishes the program execution.
Portals
Every other character in Electra is a portal. Portals support all eight directions. They are used to teleport currents. When Electra reads the source code, it marks the first instance of a portal as the original portal. When you flow a current to an unoriginal portal, the portal gets pushed to that current’s visited portals stack, and the current gets teleported to the original portal. Flowing a current to the original portal teleports the current back to the last visited portal and pops it off the stack. If the stack is empty, flowing a current to the original portal does nothing. They are somewhat analogous to functions in other programming languages.
Examples
Here are some example programs written in Electra:
Hello World!
A program that prints the phrase “Hello World!” to the terminal screen.
>O +-+ +-+ +-+ Q-PO
I I I #P+ I I I $ I
I +MPO I I I O I I I +P
I I I #M+ I | $ I I I
I I I I I #P# QDDDDD#P+DDDO I #M+
I O I I I I I #PDDDDDD#PDDDDDDDD#PDO
I | I I I I I I
#M+ +-+ I I I I
##PP+ $ I
+MP#P+
truth-machine
truth-machine, takes an input from user; halts if the input is zero, prints one indefinitely if the input is one. truth-machine is used to test any esolang (or any other programming languages) whether if it is capable of doing this four basic operations: 1. Input 2. Output 3. Looping 4. Termination
>@
+->--#N+
| |
| #
| [
+------+
FizzBuzz
A FizzBuzz program, starts to loop from 1 to N. For each number; prints “Fizz” if the number is divisible by 3, prints “Buzz” if the number is divisible by 5, prints “FizzBuzz” if the number is both divisible by 3 and 5. Prints the number if the number is not divisible by either 3 or 5.
+-0-O +-1-O +-2-O +-+
| I | I | I D D
| I | I | I D D
| I | I | I D D
| I P I | I D D +---+
| I * I | I D D I I
| I | I | I #P-# D I #M+
| I A I | I I D +5O I
| I * I DM#--P | I I D | |
| I Q I D / | #M-+ D +-----P-+
| I #PP+ $ I D * | D
| I I | I #-+ # | A
| #M+ | I O +------P---*
| | +--------+
+--------+
+3-1-0-+ +4-2-0-+
| | | |
+------+ +------+
>---O
I
I ####MMMMP+
I I |
I I |
| O |
| | |
##MMDDP+ |
|
+---------------+
@
I
#
#
O
+>--~--+
| I
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| ##-----+--+
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| * | +-3+
| +-+ |
| | |
| +-O-# |
| I |
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| I *-#-+ |
| $% [ ] |
| * | | |
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| * | +-4+
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+------------------+