Decimal

Decimal, also called 09D, is an esoteric stack-based programming language that uses the characters 0 through 9 and D. Whitespace is ignored. Any other characters in the source code are simply printed.

Syntax

COMMAND<ARGS>[D]   ;COMMENT

D must be appended to values (arguments that have user-defined length). For example, pushing the string 103105108101 ("file") requires D because the string can have any length.

Commands working with the stack are based on one index, the Default Stack Index (or [DSI] for short.) For example, in pseudocode, calling PRINT will print the value at stack[DSI]. PUSH sets the DSI to the index of the value pushed. SET sets the DSI to the next value provided.

Types

There are three types in Decimal: INT, CHAR, and STRING. These are defined by an enumerator:

{INT = 1, CHAR = 2, STRING = 3}

…in the interpreter. These integer values are used in PUSH to determine the type of the value to be pushed.

I/O

All input is read and stored/printed as a CHAR. EOF is stored as 255. If no input is waiting, 31x will pause execution until input is available.

Commands

Command	Name	Description	Arguments	D?
0	SET	Set DSI to next value	value…	Yes
1	PUSH	Push variable to stack - next char in source = type, next value = variable value. Set DSI to the index of the variable pushed.	number, value…	Yes
2	POP	Pop DSI	N/A	No
3	I/O	Next char in source represents what to read from, char after that represents where to put it (0 = stack, 1 = I/O). If the stack is pushed to, set DSI.	from, to	No
4	MATH	Next value represents mathematical operation/conditional. Push [DSI-1] (math) [DSI], pop [DSI] and [DSI-1]	value…	Yes
5	COND	If DSI value is truthy, execute all code until the next COND. Otherwise, skip all code until next COND.	N/A	No
6	MEM	See section Memory.	number	No
8	BUILTIN	Builtin functions. See section Builtins.	value…	Yes
9	JUMP	Next value represents a jump #. If that jump # is undeclared, declare it. Otherwise, jump to it. If currently in an IF-statement, exit the IF-statement before performing the jump. JUMPing to 0 will exit the program.	value…	Yes

Math

As previously stated, all mathematical operations are performed as [DSI-1] operation [DSI].

For example: if [DSI-1] was {INT,30} and [DSI] was {INT,40}, performing the mathematical operation “minus” would compute 30 - 40, pop [DSI-1] and [DSI], then push the result.

Number	Operation	Name
1	+	plus
2	-	minus
3	*	times
4	/	divided by
5	%	modulo
6	&	bitwise AND
7		bitwise OR
8	^	bitwise XOR
9	<<	bitwise left-shift
10	>>	bitwise right-shift
11	.	string index (in the future)

Each conditional will push 001 if truthy and 000 if falsy:

Number	Conditional	Name
12	==	is equal to
13	!=	i

Memory

Memory commands:

Number	Name	Description	Sets DSI?
1	Stash	Pop DSI, store into memory	Yes
2	Copy	Copy memory to stack	Yes

Builtins

Useful builtins that are ridiculously hard (or even downright impossible) to do with the existing commands.

As builtins kind of ruin the esotericity of a language and lower the complexity to write code in it, I’m only going to write builtins that are unjustifiably difficult to do without them.

Number	Name	Description	Sets DSI?	Why it’s a builtin
1	Read	Read INT from input to stack (reads until newline)	Yes	It takes ~50 characters to do this using only standard commands and gets real messy
2	Rand	Push random INT to stack	Yes	Impossible to do using only standard commands

Examples

• 11003D - push integer 3 to stack, set DSI to pushed value
• 91D 91D - infinite loop that does nothing
• 11050D 11050D 41D - push integer 50 to stack, push integer 50 to stack, pop both then add together and push result
• 311 - read user input and print, without doing anything to the stack
• 310 - read user input into stack
• 91D 311 91D - cat program that doesn’t stop at EOF
• 91D 310 300 12255D 412D 5 90D 5 2 301 2 91D - cat program that stops at EOF
• 13072069076076079044032087079082076068033010D 301 push “HELLO, WORLD!” to stack and print