Cryptoleq

Cryptoleq processor made at NYU

Cryptoleq is a language consisting of one, the eponymous, instruction, is capable of performing general-purpose computation on encrypted programs and is a close relative to Subleq. Cryptoleq works on continuous cells of memory using direct and indirect addressing, and performs two operations $O_{1}$ and $O_{2}$ on three values $a$, $b$, and $c$:

${\begin{aligned}{\mathsf {Cryptoleq}}\ a,b,c\qquad [b]&=O_{1}([a],[b])\ ;\\\mathrm {IP} &=c,\ {\mathsf {if}}\ O_{2}([b])\leq 0\\\mathrm {IP} &=\mathrm {IP} +3,\ {\mathsf {otherwise}}\end{aligned}}$

where $a$, $b$ and $c$ are addressed by the instruction pointer, IP, with the value of IP addressing $a$, IP + 1 point to $b$ and IP + 2 to $c$.

In Cryptoleq operations $O_{1}$ and $O_{2}$ are defined as follows:

${\begin{aligned}O_{1}(x,y)&=x_{N^{2}}^{-1}y\quad {\bmod {N}}^{2}\\O_{2}(x)&=\left\lfloor {\frac {x-1}{N}}\right\rfloor \\\end{aligned}}$

where $x$ and $y$ are encrypted values based on a cryptographic parameter, $N$.

The main difference with Subleq is that in Subleq, $O_{1}(x,y)$ simply subtracts $y$ from $x$ and $O_{2}(x)$ equals to $x$. Cryptoleq is also homomorphic to Subleq, modular inversion and multiplication is homomorphic to subtraction and the operation of $O_{2}$ corresponds the Subleq test if the values were unencrypted. A program written in Subleq can run on a Cryptoleq machine, meaning backwards compatibility. Cryptoleq though, implements fully homomorphic calculations and since the model is be able to do multiplications. Multiplication on an encrypted domain is assisted by a unique function $G$ that is assumed to be difficult to reverse engineer and allows re-encryption of a value based on the $O_{2}$ operation. $G(x,y)$ equals to encrypted zero if the $O_{2}$ of the value $Nm+1$ is equal or less than zero, $m$ being the unencrypted $x$, or equals to the re-encrypted $y$ otherwise. The multiplication algorithm is a top-down model that is based on addition and subtraction, uses the function $G$ and does not have conditional jumps nor branches.

External Resources

• Cryptoleq: A Heterogeneous Abstract Machine for Encrypted and Unencrypted Computation
• Cryptoleq Resources Repository