Blur

Blur is an esoteric programming language where every variable stores the average of all values it has ever been assigned. Created in 2025, Blur is a C-like language that demonstrates how a simple semantic change can create chaotic and unpredictable behavior.

Overview

In most programming languages, assigning a value to a variable replaces the old value. In Blur, the variable's value becomes the mean of all values ever assigned to it. This creates a "regression to the mean" effect where variables resist change and loop counters behave chaotically.

Paradigm	Imperative
Designed by	choas
Appeared in	2025
Influenced by	C
File extension	.blur
Entry point	blur()

Semantics

Variable Averaging

Every variable maintains a history of all assigned values. Reading a variable returns the average:

int x = 10;    // history: [10], value = 10
x = 20;        // history: [10, 20], value = 15
x = 30;        // history: [10, 20, 30], value = 20

Type-Specific Rounding

• int: Uses ceiling (rounds up). avg([5, 6]) = 5.5 → 6
• float: Exact average, no rounding
• bool: true if ratio of trues >= 0.5, else false
• char: Average of ASCII values, ceiling
• string: Per-position character averaging (space = no-op)

Blur Factor (Recency Weighting)

The blur factor controls how much history affects the current value. The default is 0.9 (slight recency bias).

blur --blur 1.0 program.blur   # Pure average
blur --blur 0.5 program.blur   # Strong recency bias
blur program.blur              # Default: 0.9

Or use a directive in your program:

#blur 0.5

int blur() {
    bool b = true;
    b = false;
    print(b);  // false (recent value wins)
    return 0;
}

How it works: Each value's weight = blur^age, where age 0 is the most recent.

blur	Behavior
1.0	Maximum blur - pure average
0.9	Slight recency bias (default)
0.5	Strong recency bias
0.0	No blur - only most recent value counts

Example: true, false with different blur values:

• blur=1.0: 50% true → true
• blur=0.9: 47% true → false (slight recency bias)
• blur=0.5: 33% true → false (recent false wins)

Increment/Decrement Operators

The ++ and -- operators add current_value ± 1 to the history:

int x = 5;     // history: [5], value = 5
x++;           // history: [5, 6], value = 6 (ceil of 5.5)
x++;           // history: [5, 6, 7], value = 6 (ceil of 6.0)

Compound Assignment

Compound operators like += also add to history:

int x = 10;    // history: [10]
x += 5;        // history: [10, 15], value = 13 (ceil of 12.5)

The Chaotic For Loop

The most infamous behavior in Blur is the for loop:

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
    print(i);
}

The loop counter i averages itself, causing it to "stick" at each value:

i = 0    (1 iteration)
i = 1    (2 iterations - stuck)
i = 2    (7 iterations - stuck longer)
i = 3    (20 iterations)
i = 4    (52 iterations)
...

The number of iterations at each value grows exponentially. A simple loop to 10 may never terminate!

Safety limit: Regular for loops automatically stop after 1000 iterations with a warning. Use sharp for for unlimited iterations.

Escape Hatch: sharp for

To create a loop that behaves normally, use the sharp keyword:

sharp for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
    print(i);  // Prints 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
}

Variables declared in a sharp for header do not average.

Boolean Averaging

Booleans use a threshold of 0.5:

bool flag = true;   // history: [T], value = true
flag = false;       // history: [T, F], ratio = 0.5 → true
flag = false;       // history: [T, F, F], ratio = 0.33 → false

A single true among equals is true. A single true among many false values becomes false.

String Blurring

Strings use position-based character averaging. Each position in the string has its own history:

string s = "hello";  // positions: h, e, l, l, o
s = " a   ";         // space is no-op, only 'a' at pos 1 adds to history
print(s);            // "hcllo" - pos 1 averages 'e'(101) + 'a'(97) = 99 = 'c'

Space is a No-Op

Spaces in an assigned string do not add to any position's history. This allows partial updates:

string s = "abc";
s = "  x";       // only position 2 gets 'x' added
print(s);        // "abn" - 'c'(99) + 'x'(120) = 109.5 → 110 = 'n'

Case Averaging

Uppercase and lowercase letters have different ASCII values, so they average:

string s = "abc";
s = "ABC";
s = "ABC";
print(s);        // "LMN" - 'a'(97) + 'A'(65)*2 = 76 = 'L', etc.

String Repetition

Use "str" * n to add a string to history multiple times (for weighting):

string s = "aaa" * 3;  // 'a' added 3 times to each position
s = "zzz";             // 'z' added once
print(s);              // "hhh" - avg of 'a'*3 + 'z' = 104 = 'h'

blurstr() Function

Blur multiple strings without a variable:

print(blurstr("hello", " a   "));           // "hcllo"
print(blurstr("aaa" * 3, "zzz"));           // "hhh"

Functions

Functions pass parameters with their history:

int double_it(int x) {
    return x * 2;
}

int blur() {
    int val = 10;
    val = 20;           // val = 15 (avg of 10, 20)
    int result = double_it(val);  // passes 15
    return 0;
}

Syntax

Blur uses C-style syntax with the following features:

Types

• int, float, bool, char, string, void

Operators

• Arithmetic: +, -, *, /, %
• Increment/Decrement: ++, --
• Compound: +=, -=, *=, /=, %=
• Comparison: ==, !=, <, >, <=, >=
• Logical: &&, ||, !

Control Flow

• if / else
• while
• for (with averaging)
• sharp for (without averaging)

Built-in Functions

• print(args...) - prints values to stdout
• blurstr(strs...) - returns the blur of multiple strings
• get_blur() - returns the current blur factor (0.0-1.0)

Entry Point

Programs start at blur(), not main():

int blur() {
    print("Hello, Blur!");
    return 0;
}

Arrays

Each array element maintains its own history:

int arr[3] = {1, 2, 3};
arr[0] = 10;    // arr[0] history: [1, 10], value = 6
arr[1]++;       // arr[1] history: [2, 3], value = 3

Example Programs

Hello World

int blur() {
    print("Hello, World!");
    return 0;
}

Demonstrating Averaging

int blur() {
    int money = 5;
    print("Start:", money);      // 5

    money++;
    print("After ++:", money);   // 6

    money = 100;
    print("After = 100:", money); // 37

    return 0;
}

Counting (The Hard Way)

int blur() {
    print("Attempting to count to 5...");

    for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
        print("i =", i);
    }

    print("(This takes a very long time)");
    return 0;
}

Counting (The Easy Way)

int blur() {
    print("Counting to 10:");

    sharp for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
        print(i);
    }

    return 0;
}

Implementation

The reference implementation is written in Rust and includes:

• Lexer using the logos crate
• Recursive descent parser
• Tree-walking interpreter
• Interactive REPL

Running Blur

blur program.blur       # Run a program
blur                    # Start the REPL
blur -e "int x = 5;"    # Execute code directly
blur -                  # Read and execute from stdin
blur --help             # Show help

Examples:

blur -e "int x = 5; x++; x = 10; print(x);"
echo "int x = 5; print(x);" | blur -

REPL Commands

• .help - Show help
• .vars - Show variables and their history
• .blur [value] - Show or set blur factor (0.0-1.0)
• .clear - Reset interpreter state
• .load <file> - Load and run a .blur file
• .run [func] - Run a function (default: blur)
• .exit - Quit

Computational Class

Blur is likely Turing-complete when using sharp for loops, as it can simulate standard imperative programs. The behavior of regular for loops makes certain computations impractical or impossible to complete in reasonable time.

External Resources

• GitHub Repository

See Also

• C - The language Blur is based on
• Fractran - Another language with unusual arithmetic semantics