Palace

Paradigm(s) Functional User:Hakerh400 2020 Turing complete Interpreter `.txt`

Palace is a functional programming language that implements some sort of Peano arithmetic. It is similar to ƎↃИAЯT, but in this language there is no addition. Instead, the successor operator is the only predefined operator. All values are non-negative integers and the only constant that can appear in the source code is zero.

Overview

Source code contains one or more function definitions. Each function definition consists of function name, formal arguments and the return value. Example:

```f(x) = x
```

It is an identity function. It takes argument `x` and returns `x`. Successor is denoted by prefix `+` and it can appear either in the formal argument, or in the return expression. For example:

```g(x, 0) = x
g(x, +y) = y
```

The above function `g` has two definitions, but both definitions define the same function `g`. The first definition can be applied when the second argument is zero, while the second definition can be applied when the second argument is a successor of something. It should be clear from these two examples how the syntax works.

I/O format

Input is an array of non-negative integers. Output is a single non-negative integer. The first function that appears in the source code is the main function (its name is irrelevant) and its arity must match the length of the input array, because it is called when program starts.

Examples

Successor

```succ(x) = +x
```

Predecessor

Zero stays zero.

```pred(0) = 0
pred(+x) = x
```

Is zero

``` isZero(0) = +0
isZero(+x) = 0
```

Less than or equal

``` leq(x, y) = isZero(sub(x, y))
```

```add(x, 0) = x
```

Subtraction

${\displaystyle \max(x-y,0)}$

```sub(x, 0) = x
sub(x, +y) = sub(pred(x), y)
```

Multiplication

```mul(x, 0) = 0
mul(x, +y) = add(x, mul(x, y))
```

Division

Rounds down. Does not halt when the divider is zero and the divident is nonzero.

```div(x, y) = div1(x, y, 0, 0)
div1(x, y, z, 0) = div1(x, y, +z, leq(+x, mul(y, +z)))
div1(x, y, z, +r) = pred(z)
```

Exponentiation

```exp(x, 0) = +0
exp(x, +y) = mul(x, exp(x, y))
```

Root

Returns ${\displaystyle y}$-th root of ${\displaystyle x}$. Rounds down. Does not halt if ${\displaystyle y=0\land x\neq 0}$.

```root(x, y) = root1(x, y, +0, leq(+x, y))
root1(x, y, z, 0) = root1(x, y, +z, leq(+x, exp(+z, y)))
root1(x, y, z, +r) = pred(z)
```