4s (Four Stacks)

4s

4s (Four Stacks) is an esoteric stack-based programming language featuring four distinct stacks used for data manipulation, temporary storage, output buffering, and control flow.

Overview

4s is designed to explore multi-stack computation. Programs consist of single-character instructions operating on different stacks.

The language separates concerns by using different stacks for different roles, allowing more explicit control over execution.

Stacks

4s uses four stacks:

• Main Stack (MS) - Primary data stack where most operations occur
• Scratch Stack (SS) - Temporary storage for intermediate values
• Output Stack (OS) - Stores values before printing
• Control Flow Stack (CFS) - Stores integers for loops and control flow

Data types

4s supports three data types:

• Integer - Whole numbers
• Float - Floating-point numbers
• String - Sequences of characters

Type conversion operations:

• `*` - Convert to string
• `==` - Convert to float
• `/` - Convert to integer

Arithmetic operations automatically promote integers to floats when needed.

Syntax

Programs are sequences of single-character commands. Whitespace is ignored.

Comments are written as: ! comment !

Commands

Input

• `_` - Read string and push to MS
• `&` - Read float and push to MS
• `%` - Read integer and push to MS

Stack operations

• `+` - Push literal
• `;` - Duplicate top of MS
• `~` - Swap top two values of MS
• `^` - Pop MS
• `,` - Pop SS

Movement

• `>` - Move value from MS to SS
• `<` - Move value from SS to MS

Output

• `-` - Move value from MS to OS
• `.` - Print OS (and clear it) (The Output Stack prints from top to bottom and is cleared after printing.)
• `$` - Pop OS

Arithmetic

Operations are written inside `{}`:

• `{+}` - Addition
• `{-}` - Subtraction
• `{*}` - Multiplication
• `{/}` - Division

Logic

• `?` - Equality comparison (pushes 1 if equal, 0 otherwise)

Increment / Decrement

• `@` - Increment
• `#` - Decrement

Control Flow

• `:` - Push integer from MS to CFS
• `(` - Increment top of CFS
• `)` - Decrement top of CFS

Loops

• `[ ... ]` executes repeatedly while the top value of the Control Flow Stack is non-zero.

If it becomes zero, the loop ends and the value is popped.

Literals

• `+"41.9"` - Float literal (string inside is always parsed as a float)
• `+'123'` - Integer literal
• `+text` - String literal

• Strings are only created via +text or operations that produce strings.

Quoted + "..." is always interpreted as a float, never a string.

Escape sequences are supported inside strings.

• Note: +"..." does not create a string. It always parses as a floating-point number.

Errors

• Stack underflow causes runtime error
• Invalid type operations terminate execution
• Division by zero is undefined

Example

Calculator

&&>>%>+'0'+'4':[@;)]^<;>?:[,<<{/}*+\n--.|]<;>?:[,<<{*}*+\n--.|]<;>?:[,<<{-}*+\n--.|]<;>?:[,<<{+}*+\n--.|]

Truth-machine

%:[+1-.]+0-.

Implementation

An interpreter exists in C (not published yet).

Notes

• 4s separates output from computation using a dedicated output stack
• Control flow is explicitly managed using the Control Flow Stack
• The language emphasizes clarity of stack behavior over brevity