Triliteral
| Paradigm(s) | imperative, literate, polyglossal, homoiconic, concatenative, low-level, thematic, self-modifying |
|---|---|
| Designed by | User:Ecatmur |
| Appeared in | 2022 |
| Type system | untyped |
| Dimensions | one-dimensional |
| Computational class | Turing complete |
| Reference implementation | triliteral.py |
| Dialects | Arabic, Hebrew, Latin |
| File extension(s) | .tlt, .ثلث, .תלת |
Have you ever wondered whether it'd be a good idea to have a language where every token encodes both the operation and operand? Triliteral answers that question with an emphatic NO.
Overview
In Semitic languages like Arabic and Hebrew, many words (verbs and nouns) are formed by applying a *stem* pattern of (mainly) vowels to a triconsanontal (triliteral) root. Triliteral takes this as inspiration, designating variables by consonants and operations by the vowels arranged around them.
| Numeric | Pattern | Mnemonic | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | -K-T-B | NOP | (may be used for commenting) |
| 1 | aK-T-B | ' | load following word (e.g. aKTB B loads B to variable KTB) |
| 2 | uK-T-B | CLR | load empty word |
| 3 | iK-T-B | WITH | designate other operand for following instruction |
| 4 | -KaT-B | LOAD | from other operand |
| 5 | aKaT-B | STORE | to other |
| 6 | uKaT-B | SWAP | with other |
| 7 | iKaT-B | CAT | append other (also for addition, logical OR) |
| 8 | -KuT-B | SUB | other |
| 9 | aKuT-B | MUL | by other |
| 10 | uKuT-B | DIV | by other |
| 11 | iKuT-B | MOD | by other |
| 12 | -KiT-B | HOP | n words backwards |
| 13 | aKiT-B | SKIP | n words forwards |
| 14 | uKiT-B | JUMP | to address |
| 15 | iKiT-B | LAND | continuation; store pc (of next instruction) |
| 16 | -K-TaB | > | greater than (i.t.o gematria) |
| 17 | aK-TaB | < | less than |
| 18 | uK-TaB | = | equal to |
| 19 | iK-TaB | != | not equal to |
| 20 | -KaTaB | INC | |
| 21 | aKaTaB | DEC | |
| 22 | uKaTaB | NOT | (logical: 0 -> 1, all others -> 0) |
| 23 | iKaTaB | AND | (logical) |
| 24 | -KuTaB | PEEK | program memory |
| 25 | aKuTaB | POKE | program memory |
| 26 | uKuTaB | read a decimal integer (using (Latin) "Arabic" numerals) | |
| 27 | iKuTaB | write a decimal integer | |
| 28 | -KiTaB | READ | a word (spaces, punctuation discarded; 0 for EOF) |
| 29 | aKiTaB | WRITE | a word (0 writes a space) |
| 30 | uKiTaB | read a Unicode character | |
| 31 | iKiTaB | write a Unicode character |
Examples
Hello World!
- Hello world program in esoteric languages (nonalphabetic and A)#ثلاثي
- Hello world program in esoteric languages (nonalphabetic and A)#תלת
Truth-machine
Cat program
וכיטאט יסכף אכאטט וסאכאף אכלט ק יכלט אסוכף אסיכף יכיטאט וסיכף
وكيطاط يسكض اكاطط وساكاض اكلط ق يكلط اسوكض اسيكض يكيطاط وسيكض
Google Translate thinks this says "And it's going to be quiet and it's going to stop".
99 bottles of beer
ﻲﻨﻴﻤﺑ ﺎﺤﻨﺳ ﺯ ﻲﺤﻨﺳ ﻲﻧﺎﻤﺑ ﺎﺴﻜﺿ ﻂﻟ ﺎﺴﻴﻜﺿ ﻲﺼﻃ ﺎﺑﺎﻄﻟ ﻮﻃﺎﺳﺎﻃ ﻮﻃﺎﺳﺎﻃ ﺎﺤﻨﺳ ﺯ ﻲﺤﻨﺳ ﺎﻃﻮﺴﻃ ﺎﻄﻴﺴﻃ ﺎﺤﻨﺳ ﺲﻴﺣ ﻲﺤﻴﻧﺎﺳ ﺎﺤﻨﺳ ﻖﻳﺍ ﻲﺤﻴﻧﺎﺳ ﻮﻨﻴﻣﺭ ﻲﻨﻤﺳ ﺎﺑﺎﻄﻟ ﻲﻨﻤﺧ ﺎﺑﺎﻄﻟ ﺎﺤﻨﺳ ﻱ ﻲﺤﻨﺳ ﻮﻧﻮﻤﺳ ﻲﺤﻨﺳ ﻲﻧﻮﻤﺧ ﻲﺼﻃ ﺎﻧﺎﻤﺳ ﻮﻃﺎﺳﺎﻃ ﺎﺤﻨﺳ ﻢﺣ ﻲﺤﻨﺳ ﻲﻧﺎﻤﺳ ﺎﻄﻴﺴﻃ ﻲﻨﻴﻣﺎﺳ ﻲﺤﻨﺳ ﻲﻧﺎﻤﺧ ﻲﻨﻴﻣﺎﺧ ﻮﻨﻴﻣﺭ ﻲﻄﻴﺴﻃ ﺎﺤﻨﺳ ﺯ ﻲﺤﻨﺳ ﻲﻃﺎﺴﻃ ﺎﺴﻜﺿ ﺰﻃ ﺎﺴﻴﻜﺿ ﻮﻄﺴﺳ ﻲﻄﻴﺴﻟ ﻲﻄﺴﺿ ﺎﻃﺎﺴﺳ ﻲﻄﺴﺳ ﻲﻃﺎﺴﺿ ﻁﻮﺳﺎﺿ ﻲﻄﻴﺳﺎﺿ ﻁﺎﺳﺎﺳ ﻲﺼﻃ ﺎﻃﺎﺴﺳ ﻲﻄﺳﺫ ﻮﺻﺎﻃ ﺎﻄﻴﺴﻃ ﻮﻄﻴﺴﻟ ﻮﻄﻴﺳﺭ ﻲﺒﻴﺒﻟ ﺎﺤﻨﺳ ﺯ ﻲﺤﻨﺳ ﻲﺑﺎﺒﻟ ﺎﺴﻜﺿ ﻝﺯﺍ ﺎﺴﻴﻜﺿ ﻲﻨﻴﻣﺭ ﺎﺤﻨﺳ ﺐﺟ ﻲﺤﻨﺳ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺭ ﻮﻨﻴﻤﺑ ﺎﻄﺳﺫ ﺏﺩﺍ ﻲﻄﻴﺴﺳ ﺎﺤﻨﺳ ﺐﺟ ﻲﺤﻨﺳ ﻲﻃﺎﺴﺳ ﺎﻄﻴﺳﺫ ﻞﺑ ﺺﺣ ﻖﻳﺍ ﻖﻳﻭ ﻖﻳﻭ ﻖﺣ ﻕﺍ ﻲﻄﻴﺳﺭ ﺎﺤﻨﺳ ﺐﺟ ﻲﺤﻨﺳ ﻲﻃﺎﺳﺭ ﻮﻄﻴﺴﻃ ﻲﺼﻃ ﺎﺑﺎﻄﻟ ﺎﺤﻨﺳ ﺍ ﻲﺤﻨﺳ ﻮﺻﺎﻃ ﺎﺤﻨﺳ ﻮﻘﻃ ﺎﻄﻴﺴﻃ ﻲﺤﻴﻧﺎﺳ ﻮﺒﻴﺑﺭ ﻲﺴﻳﺮﺳ ﺎﺤﻨﺳ ﺯ ﻲﺤﻨﺳ ﻲﺳﺍﺮﺳ ﺎﺴﻜﺿ ﺎﺴﻗ ﺎﺴﻴﻜﺿ ﻲﺒﻴﺑﺭ ﺎﺤﻨﺳ ﺐﺟ ﻲﺤﻨﺳ ﻲﺑﺎﺑﺭ ﻮﺒﻴﺒﻟ ﺎﻄﺳﺫ ﻚﺑ ﻲﻄﻴﺴﺳ ﺎﺤﻨﺳ ﺐﺟ ﻲﺤﻨﺳ ﻲﻃﺎﺴﺳ ﺎﻄﻴﺳﺫ ﻞﺑ ﻖﻳﺍ ﻖﺑ ﻞﺑ ﺺﺣ ﻕﺍ ﻕﺍ ﻖﻳﺩ ﻞﺑ ﻖﻳﺍ ﻖﻳ ﻞﺑ ﻖﻳﻭ ﻕﺩ ﻕﺍ ﻞﺑ ﻖﻴﻃ ﺹﺯ ﻖﺣ ﻖﺣ ﻡﺩ ﺎﻃ ﻲﻄﻴﺳﺭ ﺎﺤﻨﺳ ﺐﺟ ﻲﺤﻨﺳ ﻲﻃﺎﺳﺭ ﻮﻄﻴﺴﻃ ﻲﺒﻴﺑﺭ ﺎﺤﻨﺳ ﺐﺟ ﻲﺤﻨﺳ ﻲﺑﺎﺑﺭ ﻮﺒﻴﺒﻟ ﺎﻄﺳﺫ ﺎﻃ ﻲﻄﻴﺴﺳ ﺎﺤﻨﺳ ﺐﺟ ﻲﺤﻨﺳ ﻲﻃﺎﺴﺳ ﺎﻄﻴﺳﺫ ﻞﺑ ﻖﻳﺍ ﻖﺑ ﻞﺑ ﺺﺣ ﻕﺍ ﻕﺍ ﻖﻳﺩ ﻡﻭ ﺎﻃ ﻲﻄﻴﺳﺭ ﺎﺤﻨﺳ ﺐﺟ ﻲﺤﻨﺳ ﻲﻃﺎﺳﺭ ﻮﻄﻴﺴﻃ ﺎﻄﺳﺫ ﺎﻟ ﻲﻄﻴﺴﺳ ﺎﺤﻨﺳ ﺐﺟ ﻲﺤﻨﺳ ﻲﻃﺎﺴﺳ ﺎﻄﻴﺳﺫ ﺪﻓ ﺰﻴﻓ ﺰﻗ ﺎﻗ ﻞﺑ ﺎﻴﻗ ﻲﻗ ﺎﻗ ﻞﺑ ﻕ ﺎﻴﻗ ﻂﻴﻗ ﻲﻗ ﺪﻴﻟ ﻞﺑ ﺐﻴﻗ ﺰﻴﻓ ﺍﺪﻴﻗ ﺍﺪﻴﻗ ﻞﺑ ﺍﺪﻗ ﺞﺠﻴﻗ ﻞﺑ ﺰﻴﻓ ﺪﻴﻗ ﺎﻴﻗ ﺰﻴﻗ ﻲﻗ ﻕ ﻡﺩ ﺎﻃ ﻲﻄﻴﺳﺭ ﺎﺤﻨﺳ ﺐﺟ ﻲﺤﻨﺳ ﻲﻃﺎﺳﺭ ﻮﻄﻴﺴﻃ ﺎﺑﺎﻃﺎﻟ ﻲﺒﻴﺑﺭ ﺎﺤﻨﺳ ﺐﺟ ﻲﺤﻨﺳ ﻲﺑﺎﺑﺭ ﻮﺒﻴﺒﻟ ﺎﻄﺳﺫ ﻚﺑ ﻲﻄﻴﺴﺳ ﺎﺤﻨﺳ ﺐﺟ ﻲﺤﻨﺳ ﻲﻃﺎﺴﺳ ﺎﻄﻴﺳﺫ ﻞﺑ ﻖﻳﺍ ﻖﺑ ﻞﺑ ﺺﺣ ﻕﺍ ﻕﺍ ﻖﻳﺩ ﻞﺑ ﻖﻳﺍ ﻖﻳ ﻞﺑ ﻖﻳﻭ ﻕﺩ ﻕﺍ ﻞﺑ ﻖﻴﻃ ﺹﺯ ﻖﺣ ﻖﺣ ﻡﻭ ﺎﻃ ﻲﻄﻴﺳﺭ ﺎﺤﻨﺳ ﺐﺟ ﻲﺤﻨﺳ ﻲﻃﺎﺳﺭ ﻮﻄﻴﺴﻃ ﻮﺴﻳﺭﺭ ﺎﺒﻄﻟ ﺺﻃ ﻲﺴﻴﻃﺭ ﻲﺴﻳﺭﺭ ﺎﺤﻨﺳ ﺐﺟ ﻲﺤﻨﺳ ﻲﺳﺍﺭﺭ ﻮﺴﻳﺮﺳ ﻲﺼﻃ ﺎﺑﺎﻄﻟ ﻮﻃﺎﺳﺎﻃ ﺎﺤﻨﺳ ﺩ ﻲﺤﻨﺳ ﺎﻃﻮﺴﻃ ﺎﻄﻴﺴﻃ ﺎﺤﻨﺳ ﺎﻃ ﻲﺤﻴﻧﺎﺳ ﻮﺴﻴﻃﺭ
Microsoft Translate think the script says
The Fourth Imam, the Commander of the Faithful.
Male and female Male
The Commander of the Faithful, the Commander of the Faithful.
The Fourth Imam, the Commander of the Faithful
The Psalmist says, "Ye shall be a man of the Lord, and the Lord of the Worlds."
The Fourth Imam's Mission
Deadfish
Style guide
Writing in Arabic or Hebrew is preferred to Latin, but if you have to you can write in Latin and then transliterate.
When commenting with no-op (disemvowelled) words, remember that they contribute to instruction count for relative jumps. This can be useful for nop slides, though.
Annoyances
Triliteral is quite low-level, so defining functions and control flow etc. requires a lot of boilerplate to save program counter, count instructions for relative jumps, etc.
To write strings, you need to encode them into program text (as a sequence of Unicode codepoints), skip over them, then read them from program memory.
Accessing arbitrary amounts of memory requires either using bignum variables (in the Python implementation) or generating code to access arbitrary variables by building up instructions, writing them to program memory, and executing them.